Mariah, Top Female Producer with the Most Hot 100 #1s

Billboard has run down the list of writers with the most No. 1s all-time on the Hot 100 in "Ask Billboard" last week. This week, it recaps the producers with the most leaders. Mariah once again takes the lead for a female producer!

Again with assistance from Fred Bronson's "The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits," here is a look at the producers who've worked the board on the most Hot 100 No. 1s:


23, George Martin
16, Jimmy Jam
16, Terry Lewis
16, Steve Sholes
14, Mariah Carey
14, Barry Gibb
13, Lamont Dozier
13, Albhy Galuten
13, Brian Holland
13, Karl Richardson
13, Quincy Jones

Mariah Reigns as Female Songwriter with the Most #1s

This week's Ask Billboard lists the Songwriters with the Most Hot 100 #1s. Mariah tops the list for a female artist with 17 #1s, and no other female is even remotely close! Songwriter Diane Warren comes in at a distant 2nd with 9 #1s.

Here is a look at the leader board (compiled with assistance from Fred Bronson's invaluable "The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits"):

32, Paul McCartney
26, John Lennon
17, Mariah Carey
16, Barry Gibb
15, Brian Holland
14, Lamont Dozier
14, James Harris III
14, Terry Lewis
13, Robin Gibb
13, Eddie Holland
11, Jermaine Dupri
11, Maurice Gibb
11, Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald
11, Martin Karl "Max Martin" Sandberg

Reinforcing the timelessness of their craft, Dozier, Brian Holland and Eddie Holland are again scaling the Hot 100. The Motown legends appear as writers on Marsha Ambrosius' "Far Away," which rises 92-84.

And, Diane Warren has written nine Hot 100 No. 1s, with Brandy's "Have You Ever?" (1999) her last to-date. Warren graced the chart as a writer as recently as last month when Justin Bieber's "Born to Be Somebody" spent a week (March 5) at No. 74.

Solution to Integral Problem

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Review Materials in Engineering Mechanics:

This material has been prepared for use in conjunctions with the third edition of ENGINEERING MECHANICS by Bedford and Fowler. This material contains selected problems from each section of the text. If the solution should carry a free body diagram but doesn't, be sure to sketch out one before undertaking the solution. Students should be aware that the following solutions is different from designing and constructing one's solution.

I have no doubt that, in spite of my strenuous efforts, there remain errors of one sort or another. Any errors that remain is my resposibility. I will be pleased and grateful to hear from any reader who discovers errors. There is no reward except the exhilaration of continuing the search for the all-too-elusive "truth". My electronic email address is mlzarco@engineer.com.

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Chapter 4

Board of Electronics and Communications Engineering
“Licensure Examination for Electronics
and Communications Engineering”
PRC YEARBOOK 2000

MATHEMATICS

I. Algebra & General Mathematics
• Algebraic functions
• Theory of equations
• Factorization and algebraic functions
• Ratio, proportion and variation
• Matrix theory
• Arithmetic and geometric progressions
• Equations and inequalities
• Linear and quadric equations
• Complex number system
• Polynomials
• Mathematical induction
• Logic and probability
• Statistics

II. Geometry
• Lines and planes
• Plane figures
• Applications of Cavalier’s, Pappus and Prismodial theorems
• Coordinates in space
• Quadric surfaces
• Mensuration
• Plane geometry
• Solid geometry
• Spherical geometry
• Analytical geometry


III. Trigonometry
• Logarithmic principles
• Trigonometric functions
• Fundamental trigonometric identities
• Solutions of right and oblique triangles
• Applications of terrestrial mensuration
• Area, perimeter and centroid of plane figures
• Polar coordinates
• Spherical trigonometry


IV Calculus
• Complex variables
• Derivatives and applications
• Integration and applications
• Transcendental functions
• Partial derivatives
• Higher derivatives
• Indeterminate forms
• Multiple integrals
• Differential equations

V. Engineering Economics
• Basic principles of engineering economy
• Cost concept and analysis
• Principles and applications of time-money rela¬tionships
• Simple and compound interest
• Annuities
• Depreciation, capitalization, perpetuities


VI. Physics

• Mechanics and fundamentals
• Newton’s law of motion
• Work and energy
• Impulse and momentum
• Mechanical and thermal properties of matter
• Electromagnetic
• Magnetic fields and magnetic forces
• Strength of materials
• Minors & lenses principles

VII. Mathematical Laws, Terms and Theories
• Laws, theories and other rules relative to the fields of mathematics


ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

I. Electricity/Magnetism fundamentals
• Atomic structure
• Electric charge
• Laws (ohm, Kirchoff, Lens, Coulomb, etc.)
• Magnetic power
• Magnetic field/flux
• Magnetic/electric quantities/units
• Magnetic/electromagnet principles

II. Electrical Circuit
• AC-DC Circuits
• Resistors
• Inductors
• Capacitors

III. Solid State Devices/Circuit
• Semiconductor fundamentals
• Transistor components circuits, analysis, design
• Special services (Photo electric, photo voltaic etc.)

IV Power Generator/Sources/Principles /Application
• Cells and batteries
• Electric Generator
• Electronic power supply
• Voltage regulation
• Photovoltaic/thermoelectric generator
• Distribution transformers
• UPS/float-battery systems
• Converters/inverters

V Electronic (Audio/RF) Circuit/Analysis/Design
• Amplifiers
• Oscillators
• Rectifier
• Filters
• Voltage regulation

VI Test and Measurements
• Volt - ohm- ammeter (analog/digital)
• R-L-C-Z bridges
• Spectrum analyzer
• Oscilloscope
• Cable testers
• RF meters
• Signal generators (audio, RF video)
• Noise generators
• Power/reflectometer/grid-dip meter

VII. Microelectronics
• Integrated circuits components, characteristics
and products
• Operational amplifier/multivibrators


VIII Industrial Electronics Principles/Application
• Electronic control system
• Industrial solid state services
• Welding systems/high frequency heating
• Feedback systems/servomechanism
• Transducers
• Motor speed control systems
• Robotic principles
• Bioelectrical principles
• Instrumentation and control

IX. Computer Principles
• Analog/digital system
• Binary number systems/Boolean algebra
• Mathematical logic and switching networks
• Basic digital circuits (logic gates, flip-flops,
multivibrator, etc.)
• Static and dynamic memory devices
• Peripheral and interface devices
• Programming and machine languages
• Information and acquisition processing
• Analog/digital conversion
• Computer networking


COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

I. Transmission fundamentals
• The Transmission Systems
• Transmission Medium
• Primary Line Constants
• Velocity and Line Wavelength
• Characteristic Impedance
• Propagation Constants
• Phase and group velocity
• Standing Waves
• Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
• Telephone Lines and Cables
• Wave guides
• Balanced and Unbalanced Lines
• Uniformity Distributed Lines
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• The Decibel
• Power Level Calculations
• Signal and Noise Fundamentals

II. Acoustics
• Definition
• Frequency Range
• Sound Pressure Levels
• Sound Intensity
• Loudness Level
• Pitch and Frequency
• Interval and Octave
• Sound Distortion
Room Acoustics
• Electro-Acoustic Transducers

III. Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation
• Phase Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Pulse Modulation


IV Noise
• External Noise
• Internal Noise
• Noise Calculation and Measurements
• Radio Interference

V Radiation and Wave Propagation
• Electro Magnetic Radiation
• Wave Propagation
• Radiation Patterns
• Wavelength Calculations
• Radiation Resistance
• Diversity Systems

VI. Antennas
• Basic Considerations
• Wire Radiators in Space
• Isotropic Radiator
• Current and Voltage Distribution
• Resonant, New-resonant antennas
• Terms and Definition
• Antenna gain and resistance
• Bandwidth, beamwidth, polarization
• Effects of Ground on Antennas
• Grounded, undergrounded Antennas
• Grounding Systems
• Antenna Height
• Design and Applications
• Matching Systems
• Impedance Calculations
• Antenna Types
• Directional and non-directional
• Microwave Antennas
• Wideband and Special Purpose Antennas

VII. Wire and Wireless Communications System
• The Telephone Set
• Connection and Performance
• Exchange Area Plant
• Loop Design
• Trunks in the Exchange plant
• Insertion Loss
• Traffic Calculations
• Reference Equivalent and Standards
• Telephone Networks
• Signalling, Billing, CAMA, ANT
• Echo, Singing and Design Loss
• Via NetLoss
• Network Hierarchy, Class Type
• VF Repeaters
• Transmission Considerations in Long Distance Network
• Telephone Exchanges
• PSTN, PABX, Line Concentration
• Telephone features - IDD, NDD, LEC
• Mobile Communications
• Cellular communication, trunk radio, radio pag¬ing, etc.

VIII. Digital and Data Communications
• Definition
• Bit and Binary Transmission
• Signalling Rate
• Error Probability
• Digital Filtering
• Switching
• Packet Circuit
• Vertical Circuit
• Open Systems Interconnection
• Multiplexing, Modulation and Synchronization
• Pulse Code Modulation
• Companding
• Encoding
• Bandwidth and Signal to Noise Ratio
• Delta Modulation
• Slope Overload
• Adaptive Delta Modulation
• Codes and Protocols
• Error Detection and Correction Codes
• Digital Carrier Systems
• Frequency Shift Keying
• Phase Shift Keying
• Differential Phase Shift Keying
• Teleprinters and Telegraph Circuits
• Teleprinters
• Teletype Transmission
• DC Nature of Data Transmission
• Loops
• Neutral and Polar
• Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time
• Asynchronous and Synchronous
• Timing
• Distortion
• Bits, Bands, WPM
• Data Interface Standards
• Data Input/Output Devices
• Digital Transmission on Analog Channel
• Modulation-Demodulation Schemes Parameters
• Circuit Conditioning
• Modem Applications
• Serial and Parallel Transmission

IX. Microwave Communications and Principles

X. Satellite
• The Satellite System
• Types of Satellite
• Satellite Orbit
• Uplink Consideration
• Demand AssignmentMultiple Access
• Antenna Tracking
• Satellite Link Budgets
• Path Loss
• Figure of Merit
• Ratio of Carrier to Thermal Noise Power
• Station Margin

XI. Fiver Optic
• Principles of Light, Transmission
• Types
• Light Sources, Laser, LED
• Light Detectors
• Modulation and Waveform
• System Design
• General Application
• Design Procedure
• Dispersion Limited Domain
• System Bandwidth
• Splicing Techniques

XII. Broadcasting
• Radio Transmitter (AM, FM, Television)
• Studio (Microphone, Amplifiers, Cameras, Light¬ing, etc.)
• Cable Television
• VSAT

XIII. Telecommunications and Broadcasting, Laws and Regulations

Laplace Tranforms Formulas

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Connecticut Preview: Mariah in full voice for state visit

Many may try to sing like Mariah Carey, but area vocal coaches and instructors recommend against it.

Those emulating their favorite star can injure their voices if they force hitting those shrill notes, or even low ones below what comes comfortably, experts advise. Aspiring artists should develop their own, individual sound and skills, they say. People aren't just born with powerful voices and the ability to sing regularly and comfortably in whistle range, the highest register of the human voice, as Carey can.

Carey boldly promotes her instrument in the title of her current, 40-city world sojourn, "The Adventures of Mimi: The Voice, The Hits, The Tour," which makes its only Connecticut stop Friday at Mohegan Sun Arena.

Some credit genetics, even destiny, in Carey's fairy tale-like rise to fame. Born to an opera singer mother who named her for Lerner and Loewe's 1951 Broadway song, "They Call the Wind Mariah," Carey later wed, and divorced, Sony Music President Tommy Motolla.

True singing stars like Carey, vocal coaches say, get their chops from a blend of training and their innately pleasing and distinct voices.

Carey's deep, sultry, low notes and seemingly superhuman high-end wailing may seem effortless, but her voice has been cultivated over years -- beginning with coaching from her mother growing up.

"It's just like an athlete. Were you born able to run the 500-meter dash?" said Marianna Vagnini, a Naugatuck voice instructor who has traveled as a professional soprano and will begin teaching students at Waterbury Arts Magnet School this year. "When Mariah Carey came out, she didn't sound like anyone else, which is what made her."

Echoed Richard Gard, a composer, musician, teacher, producer and conductor who oversees the music department at Naugatuck Valley Community College in Waterbury: "It helps what you're born with. I'd say more than a good voice, you might be born with a distinctive voice."

Both Gard and Vagnini tutor students to find their own voices, rather than emulating Mariah's, Sinatra's -- or anyone else's for that matter.

Once a singer has found his or her own sound, proper training can expand performers' abilities to span the scale. But not quite to the seven-octave range Carey's publicity handlers have said she can achieve. Several vocal coaches have expressed doubt over the supposed seven-octave voice.

"You'd have to be about 10 feet tall to have that range," said Gard, explaining the capacity for seven octaves as close to a grand piano's capability, from bottom of the keyboard to top. He called a three-octave range both huge and rare.

A Web site that aims to debunk urban legends even has addressed this topic, with the snopes.com entry granting Carey perhaps six octaves. Others are not as generous, estimating Carey's range at anywhere between three and five octaves.

Other artists who have been said to possess extraordinary range in excess of three octaves include Peruvian singer Yma Sumac, whose Web site claims her as at least once capable of five octaves, and Julie Andrews, whose voice has been categorized by sources as in the four- to five-octave range.

"The human voice is a miraculous instrument," said Vagnini, adding that whatever Carey's range, she ranks undeniably among those with voices that impress. "She definitely raised the bar in what people expect to hear in a pop singer. She's certainly a bright light in pop history."

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